Yiziphi izinselele ekuguqulweni kwezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali nge-CNC?

2026-01-12

Ukunemba Ukujika kwe-CNC ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhanda izingxenye ezijikelezayo ezingaboshwa ngokuphephile ku-lathe. Ama-lathe e-CNC abonakala ngokuqina okuphezulu, ukukhiqizwa okunembile, kanye nokusetha amathuluzi okunembile. Avumela isinxephezelo samathuluzi esiqondile nesinembile, okwenza kube lula ukukhanda izingxenye ezinezidingo eziqinile zokunemba kwe-lathe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyakaza kwamathuluzi ekuphenduleni okulawulwa ngezinombolo kufezwa ngezinhlelo zokungenelela ezinembile kakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokushayela ze-servo. Lapho kukhanda ama-arcs noma ezinye izindawo ezigobile, le ndlela ikhiqiza izimo ezivumelana kakhulu nezidingo zejiyometri zemidwebo yomklamo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-lathe okukopisha.

Insimbi engagqwali, equkethe i-chromium engu-16%–18%, ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali engamelani ne-asidi noma engagqwali. Inikeza ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala ezindaweni ezinomoya noma ezigqwali kancane futhi igcina amandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (>450°C). Yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kokugqwala, ukwakheka, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokuqina okuqinile ebangeni elibanzi lokushisa, insimbi engagqwali isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini esindayo, embonini elula, kanye nemikhiqizo yansuku zonke.

Nini Umshini wokugaya we-CNC Izinhloso zezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ijubane, ukunemba, kanye nokunemba. Kodwa-ke, izinselele zivame ukuhlangana nazo phakathi nenqubo. Ngezansi, sihlaziya ubunzima obuyinhloko obungase buvele ekuguqulweni kwezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali i-CNC.

1.      Amandla Nokuqina Okuphezulu Kokushisa
Amandla aphezulu okushisa kanye nokuqina kwensimbi engagqwali kwenza kube nzima ukufeza ukusika ngesivinini esikhulu, okuthinta ngqo imishini ye-CNC. Lokhu kuyinselele enkulu ekusikweni kwensimbi engagqwali nge-CNC. Ngenkathi izinsimbi ezingagqwali ze-austenitic neze-martensitic zingabonisi ubulukhuni obukhulu noma amandla okuthamba—okuqhathaniswa naleyo yensimbi yekhabhoni enguNombolo 40—ukunwebeka kwazo, ukunciphisa indawo, kanye nenani lomthelela kuphakeme kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukunwebeka kwe-1Cr18Ni9Ti kuphakeme ngamaphesenti angama-210 kwensimbi enguNombolo 40. Lokhu kuphumela ebunzimeni ekuqhekekeni kwama-chip ngesikhathi sesivinini esikhulu. Ukusikwa kwe-CNC, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amaningi ngenxa yokuguqulwa kokusika.

2.      Ukuqina Komsebenzi Nokunamathela
Insimbi engagqwali ivame ukuqina nokusebenza kanye nokunamathelana kwama-chip, kanti ukuguquguquka kokushisa okubi kwenza inqubo yokusika ibe nzima nakakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokujika kwe-CNC ngesivinini esikhulu, insimbi engagqwali ivame ukuqina. Ukukhishwa kwezinto zokusebenza ngesihloko sethuluzi kubangela ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokusika, okuholela ekusheleleni kwe-intragranular, ukuphambuka kwe-lattice, kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kungandisa ubulukhuni bokusika izikhathi ezi-2-3, kanti ungqimba oluqinile ngezinye izikhathi lufinyelela amakhulu ama-micrometer ngokujula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunamathela okunamandla kanye nokuguquguquka kokushisa okubi kwama-chip ensimbi engagqwali kunegalelo ekwakhekeni komphetho oqoqiwe esihlokweni sethuluzi kanye nomphetho osikayo, okwandisa ukudlidliza ngesikhathi somshini kanye nokusheshisa ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi.

3.      Izinkinga Zomshini Wokubumba Intambo
Izinkinga ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukungalungi kahle kobuso bezintambo kanye nokuguguleka okukhulu kwamathuluzi. Ngesikhathi sokugoqa insimbi engagqwali nge-CNC, izinkinga ezivamile ezifana nokuqedwa kabi kobuso bezintambo, amaphethini afana nesilinganiso senhlanzi, kanye nokuluma kwamathuluzi kuvame ukwenzeka. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu yi-engeli encane kakhulu yokukhulula izinhlangothi zombili zethuluzi lokugoqa, okwandisa ukungqubuzana nobuso bezintambo futhi kwehlise ikhwalithi yomshini wokugaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi akunakunganakwa, njengoba kushintsha ama-engeli erekhi kanye nokukhulula, okuholela ekwandeni kwamandla okusika, ukudlidliza, kanye nokuwohloka kobuso obusetshenzisiwe.

4.      Izinto Ezithinta Amathuluzi Nomshini
Ukuqina okunganele kanye nokunemba okungekuhle kwamathuluzi omshini kubangela ukudlidliza, okuthinta kabi ikhwalithi yomshini. Ukuqina kwamathuluzi omshini kanye nohlelo lwamathuluzi nakho kubalulekile. Izinkinga ezifana nokuqiniswa okungavikelekile kwethuluzi lokufaka intambo, ukulenga ngokweqile kwamathuluzi, ukuqina okunganele kwesibambi samathuluzi, kanye nokunemba okungekuhle kwamathuluzi omshini kungabangela ukudlidliza, ngaleyo ndlela kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yomphezulu wentambo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokusebenza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwamathuluzi omshini, ithuluzi, kanye nomsebenzi, kanye nokulungisa ngokucophelela ukuphakama kwesihloko samathuluzi ukuze kugwenywe ukuluma kwamathuluzi.

Nakuba ukucutshungulwa kwe-CNC ngokunemba Insimbi engagqwali inikeza ibhalansi emangalisayo yezakhiwo ezizuzisayo, iza nezinselele ezithile. Insimbi engagqwali yase-Austenitic ivame kakhulu ukusebenza kanzima ngesikhathi sokugaya, okungandisa ubulukhuni bayo. Uma uchwepheshe wemishini engajwayelene nokucubungula insimbi engagqwali, lokhu kungasheshisa ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi futhi kuthinte kabi ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo oqediwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile inokushisa okuphansi, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kokushisa endaweni yokusika. Ngaphandle kokupholisa okwanele kanye nemingcele yokusika efanele, amazinga okushisa angakhuphuka kakhulu ngokwanele ukubangela ukuzwela kwensimbi engagqwali. Kuye ngokuthi ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali isetshenziswe kanjani, lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ezifana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ochwepheshe bemishini abanolwazi bangakhiqiza insimbi engagqwali esezingeni eliphezulu ngokuthembekile Izingxenye ze-CNC uma nje kusetshenziswa amathuluzi nemishini efanelekile, kanye nemikhuba yokugaya elungiselelwe kahle.